What Are Geographic Differentials and Why Should I Care?

The employee sitting across from your desk is staringlocations (i.e., Boston and Denver) where cost of living
at you, a puzzled look on their face. Strange, but that'sincreases have outpaced increases in the cost of
not the look you expected, and *nothing* like howlabor.
another employee reacted at your earlier meeting.Have you ever tried to tell an employee that their $100
Fade back a few hours . . . .will buy them more in Jacksonville vs. San Francisco,
Your business has reorganized, and in the course ofso that they do not need a pay rise? Your logic would
redefining new positions several opportunities havebe right on the mark, but to the employee that gives
opened up that offer the possibility of outstandingthem an "optics" problem - it just doesn't "look" right to
career moves for the right candidates. You like givingthem. They will still want more money to make the
good news, and have offered two high performingmove, regardless of whether it is a promotional or a
employees the chance of a lifetime.lateral move.
This morning you offered a San Francisco employee aWhen you move an employee from San Francisco to
promotional opportunity in Jacksonville, FL. The newJacksonville, if you offer no change in salary because
position carried with it a 20% base salary increase. Asthe Jacksonville area is a lower cost of living area,
expected, the employee was thrilled, and your armwhat is your strategy should you want the employee
quickly became sore from the eager handshaking thatto move back? Likely they have absorbed whatever
followed.they gained in purchasing power from their first move,
However this afternoon, when you offered aand will now want more to return to the "high cost"
Jacksonville employee a similar promotional move toSan Francisco.
San Francisco, with the same 20% increase, she atWhile in Jacksonville your employee adjusted their
first stared at you with a puzzled frown then turnedstandard of living from San Francisco to their new
you down flat. No handshaking here. She evenenvironment. Moving back to a much higher cost of
mumbled something like "no way", and then said youliving San Francisco would likely not allow them to
would "have to do better."maintain their current and accepted style of living. They
There are two challenges at work here; 1) how towill look to you to fix the problem (provide more
structure pay for jobs located at diverse locationscompensation), or they would prefer to stay put!
across the country, and 2) how to deal with the payCompanies make a determination for each location as
adjustment issue when asking an employee to moveto how that location relates to the national average -
from one location to another.and adjust their pay scales accordingly. The trick isn't
Should everyone in your company be paid on thebetween Jacksonville and San Francisco, which
same scale, regardless of where they work? Do alleveryone can see is a stark contrast, but between
companies pay the same rate for identical jobs acrossTopeka and Pensacola, FL. A difference there might
this great land of ours? Can $100 buy the samegenerate an argument.
amount of goods and services, no matter where youFor companies with multiple worksites it makes sense
are making the purchase?that the salary ranges associated with each location
The answer is no.are pegged to reflect competitive pay practices at
Test yourself: if you were offered a modestthat location. Using a national average for all locations
promotion and salary increase, would you bewould increase costs for lower paid areas and
interested in moving from San Francisco toshortchange those areas where higher pay levels are
Jacksonville, FL? How about a move from Jacksonvillecommonly provided.
to San Francisco? Likely you'd have differentThe decision to use three, four or even five
reactions, wouldn't you? Just like the employees in thegeographic pay structures varies among companies,
above scenario. Perceptions are supported byand is typically based on the range of relative wage
statistical data that indicates pay and living costs arecosts data among the different locations (i.e., 87% of
higher in certain areas of the country, and similarly arenational average for small, rural locations up to 123%
lower in other areas.for a select few major metropolitan areas), and how
It's a fact that companies pay differently for the samemuch of a percentage differential a company wishes
work between San Francisco, Topeka, KS, andto have between structures. Differentials usually are at
Jacksonville. Companies pay differently because theleast 5% apart, but it is not unusual to see 10% (or
competitive market for those salaries is different.more) when only three structures are used.
However, we need to distinguish this reality from theSo the challenge for HR is to be aware of both the
cost of living, which is a horse of a different color.differences between cost of living and cost of labor
Remember that companies react to and provide for(can you test yourself and repeat out loud the
changes in the cost of labor, *not* the cost of living.differences?), but also to the employee perceptions
Changes in living costs usually follow changes in laborthat you will be dealing with. It's one thing to provide
costs, which is why employees tend to confuse thegeographically based salary structures to reflect
two and over time have presumed the two metricsdifferences in the cost of labor; it's another to move
move in lock-step. They do not. There are many otheremployees from one location to another and deal with
factors besides labor that impact the cost of living:the cost of living.
housing, taxes, transportation, food, fuel, education etc.Several of my clients contacted me because they
(the government's breadbasket of goods that is ratedconfused the two, with the subsequent cost, equity
for the Consumer Price Index - CPI).and employee relations issues creating quite a mess.
You also have the anomaly of certain attractiveBe careful out there.